Invasive recordings from human dorsal posterior cingulate cortex show neural population responses occur for only executive tasks, while single neuron responses occur for specific executive or episodic cognitive tasks.

Macaque posterior cingulate region carries vestibular dominant self-motion signals with plentiful temporal components that could be useful for process of path integration.

Inhibition of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei or 5-HT terminals in the anterior cingulate cortex decreased consolation-like behaviors and reduced sociability.

Simultaneous recordings in brainstem and cortex, combined with pupillometry, show that changes in coordinated activity in anterior cingulate cortex are related to distinct patterns of pupil-linked activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.

Behavioral and neural data converge in showing that medical experience reduces reactions to others' pain and distrust toward the target affects the processing of his feedback.

In economic choices under variable action costs, in contrast to the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex represents not pre-decision but post-decision variables, thus might inform subsequent actions based on reward and effort associated with the choice outcomes.

Astrocytic G_i pathway activation in the anterior cingulate cortex impairs schema memory and neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis, which can be rescued by exogenous L-lactate administration directly into the area.

A combination of anterograde and retrograde anatomical-tracing methods failed to provide evidence of a recently described projection from the anterior cingulate area to the hippocampus.

A hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex receives unusually high and functionally diverse inputs, providing a biological interface between motivation, incentive based learning, and decision making.

The anterior cingulate cortex provides predictive relationships between the context and the predator threat and influences the acquisition and expression of fear memory to predatory threat.